Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Law - Essay Example The entire family had retired to sleep and the defendant and his step-father had stayed up together enjoying their drinks. The defendant told his intentions to leave the army to his step-father. The step-father did not take delight in the news and challenged the son with a berating statement. He told his step-son that he could draw, load and shoot a gun faster than the defendant could and asked him to fetch the guns for the challenge to begin. The father challenge to the son was however returned by a shot toward him which the drunk defendant may not have been aware of. The trial convicted the defendant with oblique intent and he appealed to the House of Lords after he was dismissed by the Court of Appeal. It was held that the judge should not have used an expansion explanation for the intent of the defendant and the murder conviction substituted for manslaughter. The argument of intent went further to illustrate, if indeed the death or harm inflicted on the victim was the natural con sequence of the defendants act then the jury could hold it against the defendant that he had the intent to kill his step-father(Lord Bridge). Murder is therefore a crime driven by intent and the intent ought to be specific so that oblique intent is not a direct motive or ground for death. Direct intent implies that death was the desired outcome by the defendant, while oblique intent covers circumstances where the defendant was virtually certain of death but which was not desired for his sake to benefit him. The mens rea that is required to assess a prosecuted person before they are convicted is defined and specified in each case. Mens rea refers to the intent of the mind that makes the defendant guilty of a crime. Murder is therefore an act that is moved to an action of malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is an artistic definition of the term. It is defined in the English Law as a well purposed intention to kill. It is further described as an act whose consequence is in express ion with such threats to life as actual speech, against another, if the defendant produces a lethal weapon that was used on a victim, by certain grievous act the accused intended to cause grievous bodily harm. Death of a victim in the situations as these are attributed to malice aforethought. (Lord Goddard CJ). Killing itself does not add up to murder. For the murder to be concluded, the killing has to involve express malice aforethought or be implied by the law. In a doctrine of constructive malice, it was implied the course of another act considered felonious that involved violence and posed as harmful and threatening to life. It was also implied where the person killed was undertaking a process of the laws such as arresting or imprisoning the accused person or in any other process of the law that is legal. This doctrine was recommended for abolishment by the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment Para 121 of the published Report 1953 (cmd 8932). The section goes further to create the necessary provisions for murder to hold. The section did not affect malice that is implied apart from the doctrine of constructive malice. The case of R v Vickers (1957) 2QB, 664 1957 2 All ER 1957 741. The case was heard and approved by the House of Lords in R v Cunningham 1981 2 All ER 863, 3WLR 263. The accused had been brought in with charges of murder and convicted under section (5) (1)a of the Homicide Act 1957 (repealed). The Criminal Court of Appeal held the Act did not abolish the doctrine of implied malice and therefore conviction

The need for the return of prayer in public schools Research Paper

The need for the return of prayer in public schools - Research Paper Example Corruption in the modern society is the highest and the technology has facilitated the criminals in developing new ways of achieving their malicious intentions. This includes mobile photography and the use of facebook to retrieve people’s personal information and black-mailing them. This has fundamentally been so because of a lack of emphasis on practicing religion and religious studies on both national and international level. Today in most of the schools in the advanced countries, the curriculum has been redesigned in a way that it is to much extent, technology oriented, but has very less to convey on religious grounds. Although there has been a large emphasis on the inclusion of ethical concepts like corporate social responsibility into the business on a global scale, yet concrete results have not yet been obtained given the lack of ethical considerations in the roots of entrepreneurs’ schooling. There is a severe need for the return of prayer in public schools in order to make the students ethically conscious so that they turn into responsible and considerate professionals in their practical life. Prayers were considered a significant part of the American schools’ curriculum until between 1962 and 1963, when the Supreme Court decided to ban prayer in the schools. (Squidoo LLC, 2010). â€Å"On June 25, l962, 39 million students were forbidden to do what they and their predecessors had been doing since the founding of our nation.† (Bergel, 1988, para. 2). Since then, prayer have been altogether eliminated from the public schools in the US. Although this attempt of Supreme Court has met with huge criticism, yet the decision of Supreme Court stayed and the prayers continued to remain banned ever since. As a result of elimination of prayer from the public schools, it is not only the students that have suffered, but also their parents and teachers have not managed to escape the curse. (Squidoo LLC, 2010) quotes

Systematisation of Catalogue Integration

Systematisation of Catalogue Integration ABSTRACT: Catalogue integration is a very essential and difficult job which needs to be carried out by various commercial portals and commerce search engines to built and consolidate the products gathered from various data providers. In this paper we discuss about an automated mechanism for integrating products from various providers and thus the process is considered from both the views of portal catalogue and the vendor providing catalogue. This commercial portal has its own taxonomy for all the products which is named as the master taxonomy and the data provider organizes its products in a different taxonomy called as the taxonomy provider. This methodology is based on the taxonomy-aware processing step that adjusts the results of a text based classification so that the products that are similar to the provider’s catalogue will appear closer in the master catalogue. To the best of our knowledge , this is the first unique approach that uses structure of taxonomies in order to upgrade the catalogue integration. The  proposed algorithm is scalable and can be applied to large data-sets in web. The algorithm is implemented on real- world data and has greater accuracy as it takes into account that the relationships between the product categories. INTRODUCTION: The internet is no longer an academic and research oriented network but it is an open book with endless commercial opportunities. Online shopping has increased in recent times. These shopping websites have separate portals which can manage the sellers of the site where products arrive from multiple sellers. This includes e-commerce search engines such as Flipkart,Amazon , Sanpdeal and many common commercial search engines such as google product search and Bing shopping. Each seller will have a separate catalogue for the product available. Internet marketplace are now faced with new challenges that arises from the need to shamelessly integrate enormous number of product catalogue from different sources. Product categorization is the main task that needs to be carried out in here. Hence, we need some mechanism which combines both the approaches, provides accurate classification of products and also scalable to large volume of dataset that is typical on the web. EXISTING SYSTEM: In the existing system there is a difficulty for the customer or the provider to update the details of a product. The ecommerce website has a master catalogue according to which the provider has to upload his/her catalogue of a product. If this catalogue does not match with the master catalogue, then the product will not be accepted by the e-commerce website. This will create a problem for the providers who are un aware of the master catalogue. Not all the providers are aware of these technological details and restrictions. The existing system has imposed more restrictions for the upload of products, which can create a backlog in the business of that shopping website. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Given a source catalogue Ks=(Ps, S,s) that corresponds to some provider’s catalogue defined over the source taxonomy S=(Cs, Es), and a target (or master) catalogue taxonomy Kt = (Pt,T, t) that corresponds to the catalogue of the commercial portal defined over the target (master) taxonomy T = (Ct, Et). The goal is to learn a cross-catalogue labelling function function l: Ps -> Ct that maps products of the source catalogue to the categories of the target catalogue taxonomy. PROJECT SCOPE: Here it makes use of provider taxonomy information to categorize products coming from data providers to the master taxonomy. This approach is based on taxonomy-aware processing step that adjusts the results of a text-based classifier so that the products that are in near-by categories in the provider taxonomy will be assigned near-by categories in the master taxonomy. TACI is scalable to large volume of datasets and it has linear running time with respect to number of input products. It exploits the full structure of the taxonomy, defining relationships between items that belong to different categories, based on the relationship of the categories in the taxonomy tree. TACI provides accurate results when compared other existing approaches SYSTEM DESIGN: This chapter describes the features and modular design of the proposed algorithm. Unlike existing approaches the proposed algorithm explores the entire taxonomy of the provider and master catalogs to find out a classification of products from providers catalog in master taxonomy. The formulation of the taxonomy-aware catalog integration problem is based on structured prediction problem. The optimized classification of products is achieved by designing the algorithm using metric labelling approach. Thus the proposed algorithm involves calculating two measures: Cost indicating assignment of products to categories Cost indicating strength of relationships among product categories Since the existing approaches considered categories as flat collection of classes, pair-wise relationships are considered and hence suffered scalability issues. The proposed algorithm exploits the taxonomy structure to find out the relationship among the categories and uses them to prune the search space thus making the algorithm scalable. Thus the algorithm has linear running time with respect to the input data and is applicable to larger datasets. FUNCTIONAL STEPS: The Taxonomy Aware Catalog Integration is a 2 step process. Base Classification Step: This step does not consider taxonomy structure and utilizes general text classifier. Finds Assignment Cost. Taxonomy-Aware Processing Step: This step involves exploiting the taxonomy structure of both source and target catalogs. Finds Separation Cost. MODULAR DESIGN: PSEUDO CODE: Input: Source catalog Ks, Target taxonomy T, base classifier b, and parameters à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±,k, and ÃŽ ³ Output: A labeling vector à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å" Fs for all x ц Ps do Ï„*Ï„ ц Ct PÏ„b[Ï„|x] if PÏ„b[Ï„*|x] >= à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± then à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å"x Fà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± U {x} else Oà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± U {x} Compute TOPk{x} Compute candidate pairs H à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±,k Initialize hash table ÃŽ ¨ to empty for all (ÏÆ', Ï„) â‚ ¬ H à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±,k do ÃŽ ¨[(ÏÆ', Ï„)]=h (ÏÆ', Ï„) for all x ц O à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± do à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å"x Ï„ ц TOP k ( x ) { (1- ÃŽ ³) A COST(x,Ï„)+ ÃŽ ³ ÃŽ ¨[ (sx, Ï„)] } BASE CLASSIFICATION STEPS This step does not consider the structure of both provider and master taxonomies. It uses Naive Bayes text classification result and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± value to distinguish between fixed and open products. The fixed products are the set of products in the provider catalog with probability of categories greater than the threshold value and thus, Naive Bayes result is taken as the correct category. TAXONOMY AWARE PROCESSING STEP This step involves exploiting the taxonomy structure to find out the relationships among the categories.This needs to find the similarity measure between two categories in both source and target taxonomies. Pair of products (x,y) assigned to category pair having greater similarity measure in provider taxonomy should be assigned to category pair having greater similarity measure in master taxonomy which is ensured by the penalty function (ÃŽ ´). Absolute difference gives the difference between similarity values obtained for a category pair in both source and target taxonomies. Thus this helps in finding out the cost of separating a pair of products which is given by the separation cost. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS: With the proliferation of data sharing applications that involve multiple data providers the development of automated techniques for catalog integration will be crucial to their success. In this paper, we presented an efficient and scalable automated approach to catalog integration that is based on the use of source category and taxonomy structure information. TACI is a pioneer to catalog integration which exploits the structure of taxonomies to enhance catalog integration with greater accuracy. Here, we have explained with product integration in shopping portals. However, this technique can also be applied to many other important domains which deploy the concept of multiple data sources which contains several categories to be integrated to a single place in a unique way. This includes important verticals such as Local, Travel, Entertainment, etc. This technique was carried out as a supervised learning technique. For future work, we would like to explore semisupervised learning techniques to incrementally retrain the base classifier with elements chosen during the taxonomy-aware calibration step.

Louis Pasteur Essay -- Biographies Biography Pasteur Essays

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was an example of a truly gifted person who made many wildly diverse discoveries in many different areas of science. He was a world-renowned French chemist and biologist whose work paved the way for branches of science and medicine such as stereochemistry, microbiology, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. He also proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, fermentation, and developed vaccines for many diseases, including rabies. Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, and grew up in the small town of Arbois. As a young boy, Pasteur showed no particular interest in science. His talents were mainly drawing and painting. At age thirteen, he could draw remarkable pictures of his sisters, mother, and the river that ran by his home. During his youth, he developed an ambition to become a teacher. While still in his teens, he went to Paris to study in a famous school called Lyce St. Louis. During his studies to become a teacher, he was fascinated by a chemistry professor, Monsieur Jean-Baptist Dumas. He wrote home excitedly about these lectures, and decided that he wanted to learn to teach chemistry and physics, just like his favorite professor. In 1847 he earned a doctorate at the Ecole Normale in Paris, with a focus on both physics and chemistry. Becoming an assistant to one of his teachers, he began research that led to a significant discovery. He found that a beam of polarized light was rotated to either the right or the left as it passed through a pure solution of naturally produced organic nutrients, whereas when polarized light was passed through a solution of artificially synthesized organic nutrients, no rotation took place. If bacteria or other microorganisms were placed in the latter solution, then after a while it would also rotate light to the right or left. From this, he concluded that organic molecules exist in one of two forms, "left-handed'; or "right-handed'; forms. After spending several years researching and teaching at Dijon and Strasbourg, Pasteur moved in 1854 to the University of Lille, where he became the professor of chemistry and dean of the faculty of sciences. There, a main focus of research was on the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. Pasteur immediately began researching the process of fermentation. He was able to demonst... ...s one of the most important centers in the world for the study of infectious diseases and other subjects related to microorganisms, including molecular genetics. By the time of his death in Saint-Cloud on September 28, 1895, Pasteur had long since become a national hero and has been honored in many ways. Over the years, he was awarded many awards, including the Cross of the Legion of Honor, the Grand Prix medal, the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honor, and many other awards. The life of Louis Pasteur is a perfect example of triumph over tragedy, and perseverance. After Pasteur married Marie Laurent in 1849, they had five children. Sadly, three of his children died before they reached 13 years of age. During his lifetime, Pasteur also suffered from two strokes, and one of them paralyzed his entire left side. None of these things, however, kept him from working, and none of his adversities kept him from wanting to help others. He was not only an example of an excellent scientist, but also an excellent example of a person who would not give up, no matter what happened. He once said, "Let me tell you the secret that has led me to the goal. My only strength resides in my tenacity."

End of Life Care

Nurses’ Perceptions of End-of-Life Care After Multiple Interventions for Improvement Lissi Hansen, Teresa T. Goodell, Josi DeHaven and MaryDenise Smith Am J Crit Care. 2009;18: 263-271 doi: 10. 4037/ajcc2009727  © 2009 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Published online http://www. ajcconline. org Personal use only. For copyright permission information: http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/cgi/external_ref? link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECT Subscription information http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/subscriptions Information for authors http://ajcc. acnjournals. org/misc/ifora. shtml Submit a manuscript http://www. editorialmanager. com/ajcc Email alerts http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/subscriptions/etoc. shtml AJCC, the American Journal of Critical Care, is the official peer-reviewed research journal of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), published bimonthly by The InnoVision Group, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656. Telephone: (800) 899-1712, (949) 362-2050, ext. 532. Fax: (949) 362-2049. Copyright  © 2009 by AACN. All rights reserved. Downloaded from ajcc. aacnjournals. org by on February 11, 2010 Nursing Education in Critical Care PERCEPTIONS OF END-OF-LIFE CARE AFTER MULTIPLE INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT By Lissi Hansen, RN, PhD, Teresa T. Goodell, RN, PhD, CNS, CCRN, ACNS-BC, Josi DeHaven, RN, MPH, CCRN, and MaryDenise Smith, RN, CNS, ACHPN Background Nurses working in intensive care units may lack knowledge and skills in end-of-life care, find caring for dying patients and the patients’ families stressful, and lack support to provide this care. Objectives To describe nurses’ perceptions of (1) knowledge and ability, (2) work environment, (3) support for staff, (4) support for patients and patients’ families, and (5) stress related to specific work situations in the context of end-of-life care before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) implementation of approaches to improve end-of-life care. The approaches were a nurse-developed bereavement program for patients’ families, use of a palliative medicine and comfort care team, preprinted orders for the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, hiring of a mental health clinical nurse specialist, and staff education in end-of-life care. Methods Nurses in 4 intensive care units at a university medical center reported their perceptions of end-of-life care by using a 5-subscale tool consisting of 30 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The tool was completed by 91 nurses in phase 1 and 127 in phase 2. Results Improvements in overall mean scores on the 5 subscales indicated that the approaches succeeded in improving nurses’ perceptions. In phase 2, most of the subscale overall mean scores were higher than a desired criterion (

Re-Branding Sunsilk Back Into the UK Hair Market Essay

Originally launched in the Netherlands in 1956, Sunsilk provides haircare solutions in 80 countries around the globe. No matter the hair type or problem, we have the products and the know how to make your hair feel and look beautiful. Our passion in life is to help women celebrate looking beautiful everyday, anywhere. Bad hair days are history Take on life with confidence and consign bad hair days to the bin with Sunsilk. Our range of products incorporates various natural ingredients and extracts with their own specific properties; chamomile for cleansing without limpness, ginseng extract for strength and more for any and all requirements. Get great advice and tips on hair care from us too. Key facts * Number 1 in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East * Sales of more than â‚ ¬1 billion a year * Sells in 80 countries * Also sold as Elidor, Hazeline, Seda and Sedal * Recent awards: Holds the Guinness world record for the most heads of hair washed and styled in one day Sunsilk is a hair care brand, primarily aimed at women, produced by the Unilever group, which is now considered the world’s leading company in hair conditioning and the second largest in shampoo[1]. Sunsilk is Unilever’s leading hair care brand, and ranks as one of the Anglo-Dutch conglomerate’s â€Å"billion dollar brands†. Sunsilk shampoos, conditioners and other hair care products are sold in 69 countries worldwide. Sunsilk is sold under a variety of different names in markets around the world including Elidor, Seda and Sedal. The brand is strongest in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East and is the number one hair care brand in India, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. * 1954 – Sunsilk first launched in the UK.  * 1955 – First advertisement of Sunsilk appeared on TV. * 1964 – Launch of Sunsilk hair spray. * 1968 – Sunsilk shampoo re-packaged in PVC bottles. * 1971 – Launch of Sunsilk conditioner. * 1975 – Sunsilk became the biggest name in hair care. * 2003 – Sunsilk glossy magazine launched in Argentina. * 2008 – Social networking site Gang of Girls was introduced in India. First advertising Sunsilk began advertising in 1955 with a campaign that focused on specific hair â€Å"issues†. In the UK, the campaign focused on shiny hair. During the 1960s, a television commercial of Sunsilk featured a tune composed by John Barry, â€Å"The girl with the sun in her hair†, which proved so popular that it was subsequently released as a pop single. Sunsilk radio commercials were aired in 1969 featuring Derek Nimmo to support the new Sunsilk Herb shampoo for problem hair called â€Å"Hairy Tales†. In the early 1970s, Sunsilk was advertised with the slogan â€Å"All you need is Sunsilk†. Celebrity associations Madonna, Shakira, Marilyn Monroe, and Marian Rivera all featured in Sunsilk’s 2008 advertising campaign â€Å"Life Can’t Wait†[3] which launched with a Super Bowl XLII spot. The philosophy behind the campaign was about girls taking positive steps to gain better control of their lives â€Å"Hair On = Life On†. Actress and former Miss World Priyanka Chopra is the brand ambassador for Sunsilk in India. [4] In 2009, singer Delta Goodrem was announced as the â€Å"face of Sunsilk† in Australia. The singer and her music have since featured in several Sunsilk adverts.[5] In 2007, British girlband Girls Aloud launched a campaign for Sunsilk after securing a sponsorship deal worth over  £1,000,000.[6] Members Nicola Roberts, Nadine Coyle, Cheryl Cole, Kimberly Walsh and Sarah Harding all represented the brand, which included shooting a television commercial. Sunsilk also sponsored their following tour. Magazine In 2003, Sunsilk (Sedal) launched the first hair only glossy magazine in Argentina aiming to communicate to the professional hair industry. More than 800,000 copies are published each month. The magazine focuses on hair, fashion and beauty issues as well as showcasing hairdressers’ work. It is sold locally on news stands and distributed to hair salons. Gang of Girls In 2008, Sunsilk India launched a social networking site called Gang of Girls [7], which offered its users access to a variety of local and global experts to address various hair care needs through its content, blogs and live chat room. The site includes rich content of hair care and fashion, and users can also take part in interactive games and quizzes.In 2011, Sunsilk was listed in The Brand Trust Report published by Trust Research Advisory. Co-Creation collaboration From 2009 Sunsilk started working with a number of professional hair â€Å"experts† to develop new and improved products. Each hair â€Å"issue† variant links to an â€Å"expert† with the relevant specialist hair knowledge. For example, Dr Francesca Fusco, a New York dermatologist, co-created a â€Å"hairfall† variant for the brand. The line up also includes: Jamal Hammadi for Black Shine, Rita Hazan for Vibrant Colour, Teddy Charles for Plumped Up Volume, Thomas Taw for Damage Reconstruction, Ouidad for Defined Curls and Yuko Yamashita – inventor of Japanese hair straightening process ‘YUKO’ – for Perfect Straight. Availability Sunsilk is available in over 60 countries worldwide. However Sunsilk products seem to be no longer available in the United States. The Sunsilk website has a list of countries where their products are sold, the USA is not one of them.